LIFE ISN’T BED OF ROSES

                                        

  life-isn't-bed-of-roses

   LIFE ISN’T BED OF ROSES:

 Thousand difficulties in our lives because life isn’t bed of roses. Over thousands of people committed suicide and gave up the challenges because life isn’t bed of roses. What is life, the period of our birth till our death this period is called life. At every stage it examines us even God say “your life is an examine for the last day”. How our life became difficult, when we haven’t fix a career in our lives, when there is a weak relation in our lives, when someone criticized again and again and when we can’t reach a goal then life become difficult. For example for a quality life what we done in life we have to study at least 12 years by staying away from home town from family and at last if we don’t get our desired job then life became difficult, because life isn’t bed of roses.

  So what should we do to reduce the difficulties but some difficulties remain stay. We should change our thinking quality we should change our minds fix a goal and career and start think positive.

  “River never go river so, live like a river forget your past and focus on your future”

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FREELANCING

                                                   

freelancing

 FREELANCING:

  Freelancing is the method of doing work independently, and the workers are known as freelancer where freelancer is a self-employed and free to choose their work and the company with they would like to associate. Freelance is a work in which freelancers do their job at the comfort of coach at home, wearing what they want to wear and staying where they want to stay. But for freelancing there is some conditions apply that is the person should skillful and have his own apparatus to do work, such as a laptop and internet connection with some skills.

 In western countries like America it’s 54 percent of people doing freelancing and enjoys their lives. This trend is diverted from them to Asian countries if we concerned about Pakistan then Pakistan stand on 4^th rank in freelance market.

  Some famous freelance market places are Freelancer.com,

freelancing

    Peopleperhour.com, 
    Upwork.com 
    and Fiver.com.
 And some freelance works are 
    Writing, 
   Online Data Entry,
   Web Design and Web Development,
   Graphic Designing, 
  Mobile developer.

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VARIABLE DECLARATION

variable declaration in program

                                     VARIABLE DECLARATION:

  Normally we take the  term variable as the value that can be change called variables, but in programming variable declaration means to assigned space in memory to the variables whether the variable is integer type, floating point or character type. Variable store data in RAM temporarily. According to the data type it takes different size in memory, when we declare a integer variable it take 2 or 4 bytes in memory same floating point take 4 or 8 bytes and character type variable take only one byte in computer memory.

  Example: int a, b, c;

 In upper example ‘int’ is the data type and a, b, are variables. Usually variable declared in the first line after program body start. But you can declare variable at any stage of program before it use.

 When we use this variable it always come to the left of assignment operator. And value or expression always comes to the right of assignment operator.

  Such as   a = 3 or   a= x +y

In above example ‘a’ is variable, ‘=’ is assignment operator and ‘3’ is value and ‘X+Y’ is expression.

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DATA TYPE

DATA TYPE:

  In Computer Programming Compiler like C , C++  and Dev C++ we used different type value and variable are use such as any name, sentence, figure and numbers data type specifies what type of data variable or object can hold in computer program to create program.

  There are three main data types for beginners which are,

          1.      Integer data type

          2.      Floating point data type

          3.     Character data type

INTEGER DATA TYPE:

  The type of data which enclose the whole number numeric. For example 1, 23, 234, 644, etc. it declare by ‘int’.

Syntax = int variable 1, variable 2;

                long int variable 1, variable 2;

 int occupy one bytes means 8 bit in memory and long int occupy 2 bytes in memory

FLOATING POINT DATA TYPE:

  Another data type which consist the decimal number or numeric. For example 1.22, 45.77, 987.348 etc. are comes into float type. It declares by ‘float’.

Syntax= float variable 1, variable 2;

            double float variable 1, variable 2;

float occupy 4 bytes and 8 bytes in memory.

CHARACTER DATA TYPE:

 Character data type consist of only a character comes in this category which may be a number a character encoding text, it write like ‘a’, ‘1’, ‘9’, ‘n’ etc. it declare by ‘char’.

Syntax= char variable 1, variable 2;

Char occupy only a byte in memory when it declares.

data type in computer

data type ranges

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SOURCE CODE AND OBJECT CODE

                               SOURCE CODE AND OBJECT CODE:

      You know about code a written instruction is called code where the source code is the language which we used to write the codes or instructions which extension will .p or .cpp and the object code is the target code in which source code have to convert which extension will be .obj and may be in .exe extension
.

For example in C++ the source code is high level language which is used to write program and the object code is machine language in which HILLs to be converted.

TRANSLATOR:

 In programming language translator is used to convert source code to object code or target code. There are three translators in programming language.

        1.       Assembler

        2.       Compiler

        3.       Interpreter

ASSEMBLER:

  Type of translator which is used to convert  assembly language or mid-level language into machine language.

COMPILER AND INTERPRETER:

  Compiler or Interpreter also translators which are used to convert High Level Language into Machine language.  Compiler compile program and translate at once, and interpreter translate line by line and also execute along with there fore Compiler is best for long program and interpreter is good for short program maximum of 20 lines program. The term compiler is also used for the application which is used to write programs such as C++ Compiler.

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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

programming language

  Program is the set of instruction and programming language is the language which we used to write this instruction which means the set instruction that make a program. To write program we used either python or C++ Compiler. Both Compilers used High level language to write programs.

According to the syntax and using of language programming language is divided into two mean parts

        1.       Low level language

        2.       High language

LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE:

  The type of language which nearly close to machine understand and hard to human understand, structurally it is also divided into two types.

        a.       Machine language

        b.      Assembly language

(a) MACHINE LANGUAGE:

  Machine language the actually language in which all program last converted and this language is directly understand by computer processor without need of any translator or interpreters and very difficult for human to understand.  It is the binary language consists of only 0s and 1s, 0s can be taken as absence of current and 1s as present of light.

(b) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:

   Another type of low level language in this type we used binary number as well as some character and symbol this language is neither directly understands by machine/computer and not by human but it is easy to human than machine language. It needs to convert into machine language or object language for this purpose assembler is used. It is also known as mid-level language.

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE (HILLs):

  High level language is the language which is used in all advances programming platform/compiler like C, C++ Python etc. in this language we used English like word to write so that it directly and easily understand by human and for the understanding of computer it need to convert. Compiler is used to convert High Level Language into Machine language.

SOURCE CODE AND OBJECT CODE:

You know about code a written instruction is called code where the source code is the language which we used to write the codes or instructions and the object code is the target code in which source code have to convert.

For example in C++ the source code is high level language which is used to write program and the object code is machine language in which HILLs to be converted.

TRANSLATOR:

 In programming language translator is used to convert source code to object code or target code. There are three translators in programming language.

         1.       Assembler

         2.       Compiler

         3.       Interpreter

ASSEMBLER:

  Type of translator which is used to convert  assembly language or mid-level language into machine language.

COMPILER OR INTERPRETER:

 Compiler or Interpreter also translators which are used to convert High Level Language into Machine language. The term compiler is also used for the application which is used to write programs such as C++ Compiler.

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FULL WAVE AND NUMERICAL

FULL WAVE:

  Full wave rectifier is also used as rectification means it used to convert the AC to DC as half wave rectifier did used. But there is a huge difference between both off them the half wave rectifier allow through the load during one half cycle. But by using full wave we can produce current during full cycle by using two diodes. As shown in figure

 

 In this rectification each of one will be in forward in 1^st half or 2^nd half and so on. That's one always keep allow current to follow current in that half. 

 DERIVATION:

Full wave

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MATERIALS AND TYPES

MATERIALS:

                All the physical things are known as material.

There are three type of material regarding heat and current transfer.

         1.       Insulator

         2.       Conductor

         3.       Semi-conductor

INSULATOR:

  The material which does not allow follows the heat or current through it is called insulator. Such as wood, plastic and rubber etc.

band gap

 A band gap is the distance between the valence band of electrons and the conduction band. Essentially, the band gap represents the minimum energy that is required to excite an electron up to a state in the conduction band where it can participate in conduction.. In insulator material there is great band gap between conduction band and valance band

 CONDUCTOR:

  The material which allow to follows electricity or current through it is called conductor. Such as wire, water etc.

band gap

 In conductor material there is nearly no band gap.

SEMI-CONDUCTOR:

  Semiconductor is those material which neither a good insulator nor a good conductor in formal condition it acts as insulator bur if we change its properties it become conductor. Such as silicon and germanium.  

band gap

In semi-conductor material the band gap is higher than conductor and less than insulator due to this property it have dual characteristic of conductor and insulator.

SILICON:

  Silicon is the best semi-conductor at all it have 14 atomic number and 28 mass number which as shown in figure as. 

silicon

GERMANIUM:

  Germanium is also a semi-conductor and having of 32 atomic numbers and 64 mass number as shown in figure given below. It is thermally unstable.

germanium

 According Bohr atomic theory there are three type of element found in atom

      1.       Proton

      2.       Electron

      3.       Neutron

 In this sequence proton have positive charge, electron have negative and neutron is neutral have and have no charge on it.

Points to note:

   Ø  Insulator have tightly bounded electron so it difficult to move electron from valence shell.

   Ø  In conductor the valance electron are loosely bounded.

   Ø  In semi-conductor the electron are tightly bounded as conductor bur loosely bounded as insulator.

   Ø  Energy levels increase by increasing distance between atom to  nuclease to the shell.so electron 

           farthest from atom have high energy levels, while the nearest to atom have less energy levels.

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BUSINESS LETTER AND FORMAT OF LETTER

BUSINESS LETTER:

 Business letter is a formal document starting with salutation and end with signature, it sent from company to company, company to client and clients to company.

TYPES OF BUSINESS LETTER:

 There are many types of business letter that are following,

        1.       Inquiry letter

        2.       Order letter

        3.       Complaint letter

        4.       Adjustment letter

        5.       Job cover letter 

FORMAT OF BUSINESS LETTER:

There are three format of business letter.

        1.       Full law format

        2.       Modified full law format

        3.       AMS (American Management society ) format

PARTS OF BUSINESS LETTER:

There are two parts of business letter

       1.       Standard parts

       2.       Optional parts

             

STANDARD PARTS:

In this part it consists of seven sub parts.

       1.       Letter head

       2.       Date

       3.       Inside address

       4.       Salutation

       5.       Body letter

       6.       Complementary

       7.       Signature

OPTIONAL PARTS:

It consists of following things.

       1.       Referrals

       2.       Mailing mode

       3.       Attention/subject line

       4.       Enclosure

       5.       Reference section

       6.       PS past script

SKETCH/FORMAT OF FULL BLOCK LETTER:

format of letter

SKETCH/FORMAT OF MODIFIED BLOCK LETTER:

format of letter

 
 

SKETCH/FORMAT OF AMS BLOCK LETTER:

format of letter

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PARAGRAPH WRITING

                                      PARAGRAPH WRITING:

 To write an essay given word required on any topic. It consist of only one paragraph what things and notes enclosed on that topic should enclosed in one paragraph.

STEPS TO WRITE PARAGRAPH:

It includes three steps.

      1.       TOPIC SENTENCE:

Topic sentence is the beginning sentence of essay or paragraph. Which give idea about topic.

      2.       SUPPORTS

After topic sentence the paragraph includes supports. Supports are six type which are.

                 1.       Personal experience

                 2.       Facts and details

                 3.       Figure and numbers

                 4.       Examples

                 5.       Quotation

                 6.       Research result

      3.       CONCLUDING SENTENCES

The last sentence which ends the paragraph or essay is called including sentence. It should be informative. 

EXAMPLE PARAGRAPH: 

1

                                       WAY TO LEARN ENGLISH

    Watching TV is a good way to learn spoken English. It seems that the people of all around the world want to speak English due to English becoming as a global language. But the problem that nearly every one of us have to face that most of us having short time and can’t effort to go any language center and giving too much time as also the language center charged lot of fee that pretty a big amount for common. So the best way to teach and learn English is throughout the world is to watching TV like news, drama, movies in English language which almost free instead giving of 6000 to 25000 to language center. Hence this way helps people learn language without going ay language institute. For instance the series Friends, The big bang theory and mad man such type of this series help to improve the English speaking skill and for kids there are many English teaching channels.

                        “To having another language is to possess a second soul”   

       2

                                           INTERNET IS A USEFUL TOOL

The internet is a very useful tool for college. Now a day we live in those era which named as era of technology and basically internet is also a technology. The internet is not only useful for college but it play an important role in all education system. A student faces many problems in college especially toward lectures and they can fulfill their requirement through internet by taking different classes and watch lecture on internet In 2018 there are 261 educational websites on internet.. The internet is useful to college students in many ways, such as if they have any math problem they can easily find a tutor or help on the internet. In 1983 when the internet system is made which was only used for the U.S military defense system but the passage of time it became a part of daily life. 

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LISTENING AND ITS IMPORTANT

LISTENING:

  Normally it is said that hearing someone or something like speech discussion are known as hearing or listening, but hearing is ability to hear but listening is a skill. Everyone can hear but few are listening. Hearing just about to hear someone but listening skill allow making a sense and understanding what another person is saying.

  In another words listening skill allow people to understand what same is taking about the meaning behind.

IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING:

  There are lots of important of listening some as follow,

TO PRODUCTIVE:

  Listening  skill make person more productive in different field of life when a person like worker/student understand the meaning of what the person saying or what order or assignment is given, what is expected of them by their managements or professors to him then he will able to make solution of problem more productive than only hearing of problem.

TO EXPLAIN:

  The other importance of effective listening is helpful to explain someone about what we listen in a program or a lecture etc.

TO SPEAKING:

  In the view of speaking listening also play a vital role, such as if we listening effectively to someone and if we have to summarize that then if we listened instead of hearing we are able to summarize or to give presentation on that topic.

REASON FOR POOR LISTENING:

 The reasons that lied person toward poor listening are following.
  1. Competition for attention
  2. Failure to concentrate
  3. Emotion and Feeling
  4. Evaluation
  5. Sluggishness
  6. Distraction
  7. Language
  8. Exhaustion and drowsiness
  9. Topic

 to see the detail of reasons for poor listening click on the link

                           Reasons

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EVEN OR ODD NUMBER PROGRAM

                                         

even or odd computer program

EVEN OR ODD NUMBER

Program number# 4

            Program which determine even or odd number

Program:

void main (void)

int num, mod;

prnitf(“enter a number”);

scanf(“%d”, &num);

mod=num%2;

if(mod ==0 )

printf(“the entered number is even ”);

else if(mod==1)

printf(“the entered number is odd”);

else

printf(“the entered is invalid”);

}

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LOSS AND PROFIT PROGRAM

                                                      CONDITIONAL PROGRAM

loss and profit computer program

                                                             LOSS AND PROFIT

Program number# 2

            Program that determine loss and profit

Program:

  void main (void

{

 int sale, cost;

  printf(“enter cost price”);

  scanf(“%d”, &cost);

  printf(“enter sale price”);

  scanf(“%d”, &sale);

  if (sale > cost)

  printf(“you are in profit”);

  else

  printf(“you are in loss”);

}

  This program will print the loss and profit of different things which can be sale.....

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PERCENTAGE AND GRADE PROGRAM

percentage and grade computer program

                             

 PERCENTAGE AND GRADE

Program number# 3  

            Program that determine percentage and grade

Program:

void main ( )

{

  int math, physic, chemistry, computer, total, sum, percentage;

  printf(“enter number obtained in math”);

  scanf(“%d”, &math);

  printf(“enter number obtained in physic”);

  scanf(“%d”, &physic);

  printf(“enter number obtained in chemistry”);

  scanf(“%d”, &chemistry);

  printf(“enter number obtained in computer”);

  scanf(“%d”, &computer);

  printf(“enter total number”);

   scanf(“%d”, &total);

   sum= math+ physic+ chemistry+ computer;

  percentage= sum/total*100;

  if (percentage> = 80)

  printf(“A+”);

 else  if (percentage > = 70 && percentage < =79)

  printf(“A”);

 else  if (percentage > = 60 && percentage < =69)

  printf(“B”);

else  if (percentage > = 50 && percentage < =59)

  printf(“C”);

else  if (percentage > = 40 && percentage < =49)

  printf(“D”);

 else if (percentage > = 33 && percentage < =39)

  printf(“E”);

else  if (percentage < =32)

  printf(“FAIL”);

else

  printf(“invalid numbers”);

}

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